Table 1 List of candidate serum markers for pediatric osteosarcoma and their possible clinical utility.
From: Serum tumor markers in pediatric osteosarcoma: a summary review
Serum marker | Observation for pediatric osteosarcoma | Assessed clinical utility for pediatric osteosarcoma | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Free polyamines | POS development is accompanied by disorders of polyamine metabolism spurring their intensive release from cells into biological fluids | Informative indicator of a malignant process in POS | Ladanyi et al [35] |
IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 | IGF-1/IGFBP-3 levels correlate with the presence of metastatic disease, histologic response, event-free survival | Promising predictive factor of development or clinical characteristics of POS | Rodriguez-Galindo et al [36] |
anti-ki57 antibody | Increased levels anti-ki57 antibody associated with extent of biological activity of tumor and clinical course of POS | Prognostic factor for POS progression | Petrosyan et al [37] |
TNF-β and sTNF-R | In high-grade POS, high levels of TNF-β correlated with bad response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy | Marker for monitoring of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in POS | Holzer et al [38] |
ANG | Expression of ANG correlates with an increase in local density of blood vessels in tumor tissue, with development of pulmonary metastasis and poor prognosis | Diagnostic and prognostic factor of primary POS | Kushlinskii et al [52] |
Bone formation/resorption | Decreased production of PICP, OC, ICTP associated with bone metabolism in POS | Risk factor for pathologic bone fractures in POS | Gajewska et al [40] |
T3 | Increased levels T3 associated with poor/good disease-free survival | Marker of good and poor POS prognosis | Sidorenko et al [42] |
CD44 | No significant difference was observed between serum CD44 levels of children with sarcoma and healthy children | Serum CD44 levels were not found to be of value in diagnosis or prognosis for POS | Kebudi et al [43] |
VEGF | Increased VEGF levels correlates with tumor stage and disease-free survival | Prognostic factor in POS | Koznetsova et al [85] |
SAA | Increased SAA levels associated with type of tumor and high-risk POS development | Differentiates malignant bone cancer from benign bone tumors and detects POS in high-risk children | Krizkova et al [44] |
BALP | Increased BALP levels associated with development of POS | Marker for late detecting, monitoring, and assessment of the efficacy of therapy in POS | Ambroszkiewicz et al [17] |
CXC chemokines | Increased CXCL4, CXCL6, and CXCL12 levels associated with poor disease-free survival | Prognostic factor for POS outcomes | Li et al [50] |
IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF-α | Analysis of cytokine concentration showed large statistically significant differences between POS and control group for IL-4 and IL-8 | Markers for individual reaction of organism to the development of POS | Markiewicz et al [24] |